In a study on liver cancer cells, the effect of apple polyphenol extract on the proliferation and invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cell line (AH109A) was examined in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med 2011;51:2073e81. Tu, Shih-Hsin et al. Apples provide vitamins A and C, are high in carbohydrates, and are an excellent source of dietary fibre. The soils in which apple trees grow must be well drained; fertilizers can be used if the yield is not high enough. Int J Oncol 2016;48:843e53. Protective effects of Egyptian cloudy apple juice and apple peel extract on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory status in diabetic rat pancreas. Second, think about how long those apples have been around. In this study 43), p53-mediated signals were important. 2013 Jul; 57(7):1209-17. Apple is one of the fruits that is grown in all 50 states of America. Fruit flavor, mainly a balance between sugars and acids, is another important trait under human selection. These results further provide evidence to the hypothesis that glucose deprivation therapy has some important beneficial effects on human cancer therapy 37). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For example, in acute hepatitis patients, liver damage is induced by several damaging factors, among which viral exposure, alcohol consumption, and drug and immune system issues are most popular 58). Apple (raw with skin) nutrition facts. Redox Biol 2014;2:764e71. Apples are a rich source of various phytochemicals including flavonoids (e.g., catechins, flavanols, and quercetin) and other phenolic compounds (e.g., epicatechin and procyanidins) found in the skin, core, and pulp of the apple 3). enable_page_level_ads: true For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be held for approximately two weeks when kept at the coolest part of the refrigerator (i.e. Commercially, apples can be stored for some months in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene-induced ripening. As described earlier, apple polyphenols induced anticancer activity mainly through their antioxidant activity. Phytochemistry. Phlorizin is a flavonoid that is found in apple trees, particularly in the leaves, and in only small amounts if at all in other plants, even other species of the Malus genus or related plants such as pear trees 5). Apple polyphenol phloretin potentiates the anticancer actions of paclitaxel through induction of apoptosis in human hep G2 cells. It was also demonstrated that the caspases 3, 8, and 9 were involved in apoptosis, as evidenced by activity assays 46). The antitumor therapeutic efficacy of phloretin (10 mg/kg body weight) was determined by combined treatment of cells with antitumor drug (paclitaxel, 1 mg/kg body weight) in an SCID mouse model 36). The identified mechanisms demonstrated increased expression of p27 and decreased expression of cdk2, cdk4, cdk6, cyclin D, and cyclin E. Moreover, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling cascades were suppressed by phloretin in a dose-dependent manner 49). Let’s talk about what your apples will look like. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:468e70. In a different study on human participants, after 2 weeks of dietary intervention in 25 healthy individuals, the influence of apple and grape juices consumption on body antioxidant status was investigated. cellular organisms - Eukaryota - Viridiplantae - Streptophyta - Streptophytina - Embryophyta - Tracheophyta - Euphyllophyta - Spermatophyta - Magnoliophyta - eudicotyledons - core eudicotyledons - rosids - eurosids I - Rosales - Rosaceae - Maloideae - Malus - Malus x domestica Because many cancer cells rely on aerobic glycolysis for energy production, Xintaropoulou et al 51) targeted this pathway as a potential strategy to inhibit cancer cell growth. An apple tree in fruit near Loft Mountain Campground, Shenandoah National Park. Stonewalls, rock foundations and apple trees are all reminders of the people who lived off of the land in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The apple polyphenol extract suppressed both proliferation and invasion of the hepatoma cell line in a dose-dependent manner up to 200 μg/mL. Many varieties are relatively high in sugar, only mildly acidic, and very low in tannin. Free Radic Biol Med 2012;53:1770e81. 528. Free Radic Biol Med. Enrichment of fruit flavor during apple domestication. Cancer Lett 1993;69:191e6. Apple, (Malus domestica), fruit of the domesticated tree Malus domestica (family Rosaceae), one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. Seed or pip: part of the apple … In vitro and in vivo study of phloretin-induced apoptosis in human liver cancer cells involving inhibition of type II glucose transporter. Varieties that ripen in late autumn may be stored for as long as one year, however. J Agric Food Chem 2015;63:185e91. Bioavailability of epicatechin and effects on nitric oxide metabolites of an apple flavanol-rich extract supplemented beverage compared to a whole apple puree: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. However premature apple fruit drop is a serious threat to all the commercial growers. Polyphenol oxidase catalyzes the reaction of phenolic compounds to o-quinones causing the pigment to turn darker and therefore brown. Eur J Cancer Prev. Food Funct 2014;5:997e1006. J Agric Food Chem 2016;64:6826e37. The apple juice can be consumed fresh, either natural or filtered, fermented into alcoholic beverages such as cider or wine, distilled into brandy, or transformed into vinegar. Induction of glutathione synthesis and heme oxygenase 1 by the flavonoids butein and phloretin is mediated through the ERK/Nrf2 pathway and protects against oxidative stress. Phloretin ameliorates arsenic trioxide induced mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts mediated via alterations in membrane permeability and ETC complexes. Updates? Apple trees reproduce sexually, meaning that both a male and female tree are required to produce a viable seed. Calories: 95 Carbs: 25 grams J Neurooncol 2016;128:217e23. The apple fruit matures in late summer or autumn and cultivars exist with a wide range of sizes. Yang KC, Tsai CY, Wang YJ, Wei PL, Lee CH, Chen JH, Wu CH, Ho YS. Are Genetically Modified (GM) foods safe to eat ? Many aphids crawl onto these tiny apples and puncture them causing dimpling of the fruit and normal incision of tiny apples. Additionally, the acute effects of apple on improving endothelial function were studied in some trials, showing that apple improved endothelial function by affecting nitric oxide metabolites 27), 28). Apple polyphenol phloretin inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth via inhibition of the type 2 glucose transporter and activation of p53-mediated signaling. See the process to determine the ripeness of an apple. Our results have indicated that phloretin is an inhibitor of GLUT2 41) and that targeting GLUT2 significantly inhibited COLO 205 colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo 42). Fruits are uniformly large and flattened round, yellow background overlaid heavily with a dark red striping. Intake of whole apples or clear apple juice has contrasting effects on plasma lipids in healthy volunteers. In one study, it was found that phloretin (50–150μM) significantly potentiates paclitaxel (10nM)-induced DNA laddering formation in human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells. The natural wax produced by the apple serves several vital roles. Apple: fruit of the apple tree. Flavonoid-enriched apple fraction AF4 induces cell cycle arrest, DNA topoisomerase II inhibition, and apoptosis in human liver cancer HepG2 cells. For long holding, temperatures only slightly above the freezing point of the fruit are generally desirable. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ullen A, Fauler G, Bernhart E, Nusshold C, Reicher H, Leis HJ, Malle E, Sattler W. Phloretin ameliorates 2-chlorohexadecanal-mediated brain microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro. Lin CC, Chu CL, Ng CS, Lin CY, Chen DY, Pan IH, Huang KJ. We want our foods to be local, but if you want that local food to be an apple, you’ve also got to rethink when you eat apples: in the fall. 2012 Jan 1; 52(1):95-102. Females of the third seasonal generation remain on the apple leaves until after small apples have formed. In vitro effects of natural plant polyphenols on the proliferation of normal and abnormal human lymphocytes and their secretions of interleukin-2. Apple fruit facts. As the wave of settlement moved across North America, it was accompanied by the distribution of seedling apple varieties, perhaps by Indians and trappers, certainly by itinerants who became local legendary figures, the most prominent being Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman), a professional nurseryman who planted apple trees extensively in Ohio and Indiana. Hundreds of varieties were recognized in Europe before the settlement of the Americas. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration. Powder supplement with an immune-support, triple combo of Vitamins C & A and Zinc blended with the natural, refreshing, sunny goodness of orange juice. This prevents ethylene concentrations from rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly. 2017 May; 97(7):2107-2115. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jsfa.8016. Nutr Res 2013;33:839e48. Ideain (cyanidin 3-O-galactoside) is an anthocyanin, a type of pigment, which is found in some red apple cultivars 4). Granny smith apple Management during the six to eight years before appreciable apple production is reached may consist of little more than protection from competing vegetation and pests. No other fruit has so many good qualities. In addition, many previous studies have also proposed that phloretin triggered the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway 55), 56) and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) 57). Tenore GC, Caruso D, Buonomo G, D’Urso E, D’Avino M, Campiglia P, Marinelli L, Novellino E. J Sci Food Agric. Oncogene 2016;35:3544e54. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that phloretin isolated from apple peels exhibits significant antihepatic tumor proliferation capacity through in animal study via the inhibition of type 2 glucose transporter (GLUT2) 13). Epub 2010 Mar 29. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356611, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis , Volume 25, Issue 1, 119-124. See the opening and withering of apple blossoms over seven days, Time-lapse video, filmed over seven days, showing the opening of several apple (, Watch the making of apple cider on a family farm in Normandy. R. M. Alonso-Salces, E. Korta, A. Barranco, L. A. Berrueta, B. Gallo and F. Vicente, J. Agric. In Europe a larger fraction of the crop goes for cider, wine, and brandy. [Natural Food-Fruit] [Natural Food-Nuts] [Natural Food-Meat] [Natural Food-Vegetables] [Natural Food -Beans, grains & seed] [Vitamin C content of 50 fruit][Annotated contents of the entire site] []These notes are a look at the fruits that are commercially available that we Westerners eat, but from a hunter-gatherer evolutionary perspective. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax 2). The result showed that whole apple, pomace, and cloudy juice lowered serum total cholesterol and LDL “bad” cholesterol; however, clear apple juice increased total cholesterol and LDL “bad” cholesterol slightly, from which it could be concluded that the fiber component was necessary for the lipid-lowering effect of apple in healthy humans. First, think about the nature of an apple. In Jules Janick; James N. Moore. Effects of phloretin on glioblastoma cancer cells have been investigated via induction of apoptosis and cells’ growth cycle arrest. Inhibition of the wild-type p53 by dominant negative p53 will attenuate the phloretin-induced colon cancer migration and its related signals. When made into fine puree, its nutty flavor will add up to the dish made. Zhang D, Li YH, Mi M, Jiang FL, Yue ZG, Sun Y, Fan L, Meng J, Zhang X, Liu L, Mei QB. Custard apple fruit is fleshy, sweet, aromatic, sweet and slightly acidic in taste and is used in a variety of food items throughout the world. The study concluded that supplementation with apple juice/extract may have protective effects against deleterious complications of diabetes mellitus due to its antioxidant effects 31). Chemical structures of some selected typical biocompounds in apple juice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015;754:162e72. The results indicated that such a dietary consumption increased their plasma total antioxidant capacity and decreased their serum and plasma concentration of malondialdehyde 32). Rats in the diabetic group received either apple juice (15 mL/kg) or apple peel extract (1 g/kg) for 21 days. When harvested, apples are usually roundish, 5–10 cm (2–4 inches) in diameter, and some shade of red, green, or yellow in colour; they vary in size, shape, and acidity depending on the variety. The recommended daily portion for apple consumption is 2 cups of fruit on a 2000 calories diet. Apples are popular because of the many ways that they can be consumed and because of their convenience and durability. Jules Janick; James N. Cummins; Susan K. Brown; Minou Hemmat (1996). The study results showed that phloretin disturbed the multiple intracellular signaling pathways in dendritic cells induced by the TLR4 agonist LPS, including ROS, mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase), and NF-κB, thus reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine 60). Food Chem 2011;128:14e21. A comprehensive review of apples and apple components and their relationship to human health. It is grown in temperate environments around the globe and its history is deeply intertwined with humanity. It grows on a tree and only ripens once. The apple is a pome (fleshy) fruit, in which the ripened ovary and surrounding tissue both become fleshy and edible. The antioxidant agents N-acetyl-l-cysteine and glutathione weakened the effect of phloretin on glioblastoma cells. Learn how cider is made on a family farm in Normandy, France. Apple polyphenol phloretin inhibits growth of cancer cells through inhibition of type 2 glucose transporter. In many laboratory test tubes and animals studies on the anticancer effects of apple extracts have been evaluated, including those of phytochemical compounds in these extracts 10), 11) and apple juice fractions 12). Apples were eaten by the earliest Europeans. Some, including ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, can be stored up to a year without significant degradation. Lin ST, Tu SH, Yang PS, Hsu SP, Lee WH, Ho CT, Wu CH, Lai YH, Chen MY, Chen LC. Figure 1. Dr. Kemble: “Yes – the apple is one of the fruits that produces its own wax. Mix with 4-6 fl. 2010 Jun;71(8-9):838-43. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.003. The apple flower of most varieties requires cross-pollination for fertilization. Schiavano GF, De Santi M, Brandi G, Fanelli M, Bucchini A, Giamperi L, Giomaro G. Inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation and in vitro tumorigenesis by a new red apple cultivar. The temperature during the apple growing season should be around 21 C to 24 C. 2012 Aug; 112(8):1158-68. https://jandonline.org/article/S2212-2672(12)00625-9/fulltext, Annurca (Malus pumila Miller cv. Figure 2. Omissions? A novel triterpenoid isolated from apple functions as an anti-mammary tumor agent via a mitochondrial and caspase-independent apoptosis pathway. Moreover, another study 26) compared the effects of whole fresh apple and processed apple products (apple pomace, cloudy apple juice, or clear apple juice) on lipid profiles in healthy volunteers. A typical apple serving weighs 242 grams and provides 126 calories with a moderate content of dietary fiber (Table 1). Apples also help to clean one's teeth after a meal. Here’s another way to enjoy apples, especially a great way to use old apples! A previous study demonstrated that phloretin suppressed the activation and function of mouse dendritic cells 59). Apple, ( Malus domestica ), fruit of the domesticated tree Malus domestica (family Rosaceae), one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. Park SY, Kim EJ, Shin HK, Kwon DY, Kim MS, Surh YJ, Park JH. Vineetha VP, Soumya RS, Raghu KG. The apple is a temperate fruit crop. Improved selections had been made, and varieties were recognized more than 2,000 years ago. Kim ES, Hong WK. Other Facts: Apples trees growing in the park are the remnants of fruit orchards that predate the park’s existence. Wu CH, Ho YS, Tsai CY, Wang YJ, Tseng H, Wei PL, Lee CH, Liu RS, Lin SY. Furthermore, consumption of dried apple also reduced lipid hydroperoxide and C-reactive protein (a blood test marker for inflammation in the body) 22). Andrisse S, Koehler RM, Chen JE, Patel GD, Vallurupalli VR, Ratliff BA, Warren DE, Fisher JS. An improved, rapid in vitro method to measure antioxidant activity. Non-organic apples may be sprayed with 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples’ ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening. Eur J Cancer Prev 2010;19:42e7. The apple pulp has been processed into candies (fruit leathers) and used as a source of pectin. Careful attention to pruning is required, however, especially during the first five years, so that the main scaffold branches will be well distributed along the trunk and to prevent development of weak crotches, which can break under heavy fruit loads. rough and brown. Organically raised apples are not going to look like the perfect fruit in the grocery store. An apple a day… does it really keep the doctor away? Immunomodulation of phloretin by impairing dendritic cell activation and function. The study 24) detected that Annurca apples led to the most significant outcome, reduced total cholesterol and LDL “bad” cholesterol levels by 8.3% and 14.5%, respectively, and an increased HDL “good” cholesterol level by 15.2% 25). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that phloretin exerts a potent chemopreventive activity in human glioblastoma cells through the generation of ROS. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/apple-fruit-and-tree, Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids - Apple Facts for Kids, apple - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), apple - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Apples may also be stored in inert gases or in controlled atmospheres. Xintaropoulou C, Ward C, Wise A, Marston H, Turnbull A, Langdon SP. Therefore, it is not surprising that the apple is regarded as the "King" of all fruits. Phloretin-based combination treatment enhanced the anticancer effects of cisplatin on nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines by suppressing the expression of Bcl-2, increasing the protein expression of cleaved caspases 3 and 9, and deregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 on gene and protein levels 50). STRAWBERRY APPLE The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. In addition to antioxidant effects, phloretin is also able to modulate inflammatory responses. Hyson DA. Mol Carcinog 2009;48:420e31. Apples are eaten fresh or cooked in a variety of ways and are frequently used as a pastry filling, apple pie being perhaps the archetypal American dessert. Qiao A, Wang Y, Xiang L, Wang C, He X. Adv Nutr 2011;2:408e20. Corrections? For example, in a previous study on Wistar rats, diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin. In fact apples are common fruits consumed worldwide! Bouayed J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. Total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and dialysis of apple varieties: bioaccessibility and potential uptake. Hong SM, Park CW, Kim SW, Nam YJ, Yu JH, Shin JH, Yun CH, Im SH, Kim KT, Sung YC, Choi KY. NAMPT suppresses glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress by increasing NADPH levels in breast cancer. The apple tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Crisp white-yellow flesh with a fine blend of sugars and acids which produce an excellent cider. Welcome to my channelPlease subscribe and likeThanks Everyone for watching all My video. It’s less healthy than homegrown fruit. Previous studies in this area have also demonstrated that phloretin inhibited leukemia cell growth 47) and induced apoptosis of melanoma cells through deprivation of glucose uptake by inhibition of glucose transmembrane transport 48). Yuan L, Meng L, Ma W, Xiao Z, Zhu X, Feng JF, Yu H, Xiao R. Impact of apple and grape juice consumption on the antioxidant status in healthy subjects. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Sudan S, Rupasinghe HP. In that study, inhibition of five glycolysis pathway molecules (GLUT1, HKII (hexokinase II), PFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3), PDHK1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase I), and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)) using nine inhibitors (phloretin, quercetin, STF31 (Glut1 inhibitor), WZB117 (Glut1 inhibitor), 3PO (3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one, glycolytic inhibitor), 3-bromopyruvate, dichloroacetate, oxamic acid, NHI-1 (lactate dehydrogenase A inhibitor)) was investigated in panels of breast and ovarian cancer cell line models. }); Apple and cardiovascular disease prevention, Antioxidant activity of apple polyphenols, Apple polyphenols inhibit cell migration and invasion, Apple polyphenols induced apoptotic cancer cell death, Signaling molecules and disease protection effects of phloretin. 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